Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has altered and transformed almost every field today as one of the outputs of new communication technologies. One of the areas that have undergone this alteration and transformation is journalism, or news practices. Despite the ample favorable opportunities AI technology provides in news search, gathering, editing, and distribution, it might also instigate ethical considerations. The news practices offered by online news sites on X (Twitter) regarding AI technologies are therefore essential to explore because of their positive or negative outcomes that might alter the perception, attitude, or behavior of audiences or readers. In this regard, this study sought to reveal how the top five most frequently visited Turkish online news sites (i.e., Hürriyet, Milliyet, Sabah, Mynet, Sözcü) by Turkish internet users presented news about AI shared on X to viewers/readers. While the research population comprised AI news, the sample consisted of AI news shared by five online news sites on X. In this context, 520 AI news items were included in the study, with 11345 codes being created using the MAXQDA 2024 program for news analysis. The study demonstrated how online news about AI varied by news sections, the purpose of news production, the topics of news titles and headings, the use of visuals and themes, the references to other sources, the use of links, the sources cited in the news, the people mentioned in the news, their titles, news tones, word count and areas of expertise. It further showed how AI journalism differed between online news sites.
References
Agarwal, S., Farid, H., Gu, Y., Mingming, H. Nagano, K. & Li, H. (2019). Protecting World Leaders against Deep Fakes. Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops, 1(38), 38-45.
Akgül, M. (2001). Türkiye’de internetin ve internet kurulunun kısa tarihi [A Brief History of the Internet and the Internet Board in Turkey]. Elektrik Mühendisliği Dergisi, 409, 1-3. (In Turkish).
Anderson, C., Bell, E. & Shirky, C. (2015). Post-Industrial Journalism: Adapting to the Present. Geopolitics, History, and International Relations, 2, 32-123.
Andrew, A. M. (1991). Artificial Intelligence. AddisonWesley Company.
Arslan, K. (2020). Eğitimde yapay zekâ ve uygulamaları [Artificial Intelligence and Applications in Education]. Batı Anadolu Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 71-88. (In Turkish).
Aydın, B., & İnce, M. (2024). Can Artificial Intelligence Write News: A Research on Determining the Effect of Artificial Intelligence on News Writing Practice. Intermedia International E-Journal, 11(20), 24–41. https://doi.org/10.56133/intermedia.1436647
Aydoğan A. (2004). Türkiye’de medya gruplarının internet alanındaki yatırımları: doğan grubu örnek olayı [Internet Investments of Media Groups in Turkey: Doğan group case study] [Master Thesis]. Ankara Üniversitesi. (In Turkish).
Başaran, F. (2010). İletişim Teknoloji ve Toplumsal Gelişme: Yayılmanın Ekonomi Politiği [Communication Technology and Social Development: Political Economy Of Diffusion]. Ütopya Yayınevi. (In Turkish).
Beckett, C. (2019). New Powers, New Responsibilities. A Global Survey of Journalism and Artificial Intelligence. Polis, London School of Economics.
Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to Plan and Perform a Qualitative Study Using Content Analysis. NursingPlus Open, 2, 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001
Berelson, B. (1952). Content Analysis In Communication Research. Free Press.
Böyük, M. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Journalism: An Enquiry within the Framework of News Values and Ethical Principles. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 67, 142–160. https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.1467118
Brailas, A., Tragou, E., & Papachristopoulos, K. (2023). Introduction to Qualitative Data Analysis and Coding with QualCoder. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 7(3), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/13230
Broussard, M. (2015). Artificial Intelligence for Investigative Reporting: Using an Expert System to Enhance Journalists’ Ability to Discover Original Public Affairs Stories. Digital Journalism, 3(6), 814–831. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.985497
Broussard, M., Diakopoulos, N., Guzman, A. L., Abebe, R., Dupagne, M., & Chuan, C.-H. (2019). Artificial Intelligence and Journalism. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(3), 673–695. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699019859901
Bümen, N. T. (2004). Okulda Çoklu Zekâ Kuramı [Multiple İntelligence Theory at School]. Pegem A Yayıncılık. (In Turkish).
Burton, G. (1995). Görünenden Fazlası, Medya Analizlerine Giriş [More Than Meets the Eye, Introduction to Media Analyses]. (D. Nefin, Trans.). Alan Yayınları. (In Turkish).
Çakır, H. (2007). Geleneksel gazeteciliğin karşısında internet gazeteciliği [Internet Journalism Versus Traditional Journalism]. Erciyes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22, 123-149. (In Turkish).
Čapek, K. (2021). RUR: Rossum’un Uluslararası Robotları [RUR Rossum's İnternational Robots]. (B. Kösebalaban, Trans.). İthaki Yayınları. (In Turkish).
Carlson, D. (2003). The History of Online Journalism. In K. Kawamoto (Ed.), Digital journalism: Emerging media and the changing horizons of journalism (pp. 31–55). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Carlson, M. (2015). The Robotic Reporter: Automated Journalism and the Redefinition of Labor, Compositional Forms, and Journalistic Authority. Digital Journalism, 3(3), 416–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976412
Çevikel, T. (2004). Türkçe haber siteleri ve Türkiye’de internet gazeteciliğinin gelişimini sınırlayan faktörler [Turkish News Websites and Factors Limiting the Development of Internet Journalism in Turkey]. Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Hakemli Akademik Yayını, 1, 147-163. (In Turkish).
Cools, H., & Diakopoulos, N. (2024). Uses of Generative AI in the Newsroom: Mapping Journalists’ Perceptions of Perils and Possibilities. Journalism Practice, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2024.2394558
Copeland, J. (1993). Artificial Intelligence: A Philosophical. Oxford.
De Maeyer, J. (2012). The Journalistic Hyperlink: Prescriptive Discourses about Linking in Online News. Journalism Practice, 6(5–6), 692–701. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.667273
Deuze, Ma. (2003). The Web and its Journalisms: Considering the Consequences of Different Types of Newsmedia Online. New Media & Society, 5(2), 203–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444803005002004
Diakopoulos, N. (2019). Automating The News: How Algorithms are Rewriting The Media. Harvard UniversityPress.
Díaz Noci, J. (2013). A History of Journalism on the Internet: A State of the Art and Some Methodological Trends. RIHC. Revista Internacional de Historia de La Comunicación, 1(1), 253–272. https://doi.org/10.12795/RiHC.2013.i01.12
Ersoy, Ç. (2018). Robotlar, Yapay Zekâ ve Hukuk [Robots, Artificial İntelligence and Law]. On İki Levha Yayıncılık. (In Turkish).
Etike, Ş. (2023). Yapay zekâ ve haber üretim süreci: tanimlar ve uygulamalar [Artificial Intelligence and News Generation Process: Definitions and Applications]. Türkiye Medya Akademisi Dergisi, 3(6), 588-609. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8378908 (In Turkish).
Flew, T., Spurgeon, C., Daniel, A., & Swift, A. (2012). The Promise of Computational Journalism. Journalism Practice, 6(2), 157-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2011.616655
García de Torres, E., Ramos, G., Yezers’ ka, L., Gonzales, M., Higuera, L., & Herrera, C. (2025). The Use and Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence, Collaboration, and Participation in Local Ibero-American Newsrooms. Frontiers in Communication, 10, 1539844. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2025.1539844
Graefe, A. (2016). Guide to Automated Journalism. Columbia : Tow Center for Digital Journalism. Columbia Journalism School.
Graneheim, U. H., & Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative Content Analysis in Nursing Research: Concepts, Procedures and Measures to Achieve Trustworthiness. Nurse Education Today, 24(2), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2003.10.001
Gray, J., Chambers, L., & Bounegru, L. (2012). The Data Journalism Handbook: How Journalists Can Use Data to Improve The News. O'Reilly Media, Inc.
Grewal, D. S. (2014). A Critical Conceptual Analysis of Definitions of Artificial Intelligence as Applicable to Computer Engineering. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering, 16(2), 9-13.
Guanah, J. S., Agbanu, V. N., & Obi, I. (2020). Artificial Intelligence and Journalism Practice in Nigeria: Perception of Journalists in Benin City, Edo State. International Review of Humanities Studies, 5(2), 698-715.
Gürcan, H. İ. (1999). Sanal Gazetecilik [Virtual Journalism]. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları. (In Turkish).
Gürcan, H. İ. (2005). İnternet haberciliğinde etik değerler [Ethical Values in Internet Journalism]. University Faculty of Communication Journal, 22. https://doi.org/10.17064/iüifhd.01854 (In Turkish).
Gutiérrez-Caneda, B., Lindén, C.-G., & Vázquez-Herrero, J. (2024). Ethics and Journalistic Challenges in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Talking with Professionals and Experts. Frontiers in Communication, 9, 1465178. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2024.1465178
Haggarty, L. (1996). What is Content Analysis? Medical Teacher, 18(2), 99–101. https://doi.org/10.3109/01421599609034141
Heim, S., & Chan-Olmsted, S. (2023). Consumer Trust in AI–Human News Collaborative Continuum: Preferences and Influencing Factors by News Production Phases. Journalism and Media, 4(3), 946–965. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia4030061
Helberger, N. (2021). On the Democratic Role of News Recommenders. In N. Thurman, S. C. Lewis, & J. Kunert (Eds.), Algorithms, Automation, and News: New Directions in the Study of Computation and Journalism (pp. 13–33). Routledge.
Hislop, D., Coombes C., Taneva, S., & Bernard, S. (2017). Impact of Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Automation Technologies on Work. CIPD and Loughborough University Report.
Işık, U. (2001). Sanal Gazetecilik “Özgürlüğe Kaçış Aracı Olarak İnternet”[Virtual Journalism “The Internet as a Means of Escape to Freedom”] [Master Thesis]. Selçuk Üniversitesi. (In Turkish).
Kaku, M. (2014). Geleceğin Fiziği [Physics of the future]. (Y. Saraç Oymak, and H. Oymak Trans.). ODTÜ Yayıncılık. (In Turkish).
Kalatpour, O., & Farhadi, S. (2017). The Content Analysis of Emergency Scenarios: Thematic Survey of the Context in the Process Industries. Safety Science, 92, 257–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.11.004
Karaburun, M. (2025). Yapay zekânın haber üretim sürecine etkileri: Heliograf teknolojisi ve beyond fake news örnekleri üzerine bir araştırma [The Effects of Artificial Intelligence on the News Production Process: A Study on Heliograph Technology and Beyond Fake News Examples]. Current Perspectives in Social Sciences, 29(2), 300-313. https://doi.org/10.53487/atasobed.1622878 (In Turkish).
Karlsson, M., & Strömbäck, J. (2011). Who’s Got The Power?: Journalists’ Perceptions of Changing Influences Over the News. Journalism Practice, 5(6), 643–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2011.592348
Kim, D., & Kim, S. (2018). Newspaper Journalists’ Attitudes towards Robot Journalism. Telematics and Informatics, 35(2), 340–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.12.009
Kılıç, S. (2015). Türkiye’de geleneksel gazetecilik anlayışına alternatif bir yaklaşım: internet gazeteciliği [An Alternative Approach to Traditional Journalism in Turkey: Internet Journalism] [PhD Thesis]. Akdeniz Üniversitesi. (In Turkish).
Kırık, A. M., Göksu, O., & Yegen, C. (2024). Yapay zekâ ve gazetecilik: Türk medyasında ChatGPT kullanımı [Artificial Intelligence and Journalism: The Use of ChatGPT in Turkish News Media]. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 68, 90–109. https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.1469909 (In Turkish).
Kotenidis, E., & Veglis, A. (2021). Algorithmic Journalism—Current Applications and Future Perspectives. Journalism and Media, 2(2), 244–257. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia2020014
Krippendorf, K. (1980). Validity in Content Analysis. In E. Mochmann (Ed.), Computerstrategien für die Kommunikationsanalyse [Computer Strategies for Communication Analysis] (pp. 69–112). Campus.
Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content Analysis: An Introduction To İts Methodology. Sage Publications,.
Kuo, Li. (2023). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on The News Industry and Strategies for Addressing IT. The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology, 5(16), 111–15. https://doi.org/10.25236/FSST.2023.051618
Kurzweil, R. (2006). The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology. Viking Penguin.
Lewis, P. H. (1995). The Media Business: Big Newspapers to Help Locals on Internet. The New York Times.
Li, Y., Yu, M., & Li, S. (2022). Technology or Content: Which Factor is More Important in People’s Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence News? Telematics and Informatics Reports, 8, 100031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teler.2022.100031
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. SAGE Publications.
Linden, T. C. G. (2017). Algorithms for journalism : The future of news work. The Journal of Media Innovations, 4(1), 60-76 . https://doi.org/10.5617/jmi.v4i1.2420
Lorenz, M. (2010). Status and Outlook for Data-Driven Journalism. European Journalism Center: Data-driven journalism: What is there to learn, 8-17.
Mahajan, R., Piplani, S. D., Sharma, U., Chatterjee, R., Jain, N., Bale, A. S., & Savadatti, M. B. (2024). Breaking News at Machine Speed: The Rise of AI in Real-Time Journalism. Library Progress International, 44(3), 1060-1069.
Manisha, R., & Acharya, K. (2023). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on News Curation and Distribution: A Review Literature. Journal of Communication and Management, 2(1), 23–26. https://doi.org/10.58966/JCM2023214
McAfee, A., Brynjolfsson, E., Davenport, T. H., Patil, D. J., & Barton, D. (2012). Big Data: The Management Revolution. Harvard Business Review, 90(10), 60-68.
McCarthy, J. (2004). What is Artificial Intelligence?. Stanford University
McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., & Shannon, C. E. (2006). A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, August 31, 1955. AI Magazine, 27(4), 12–12. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v27i4.1904
Misri, A., Blanchett, N., & Lindgren, A. (2025). “There’sa Rule Book in my Head”: Journalism Ethics Meet AI in the Newsroom. Digital Journalism, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2025.2495693
Moldavska, A., & Welo, T. (2017). The Concept of Sustainable Manufacturing and Its Definitions: A Content-Analysis Based Literature Review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 166, 744–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.006
Moran, R. E., & Shaikh, S. J. (2022). Robots in the News and Newsrooms: Unpacking Meta-Journalistic Discourse on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Journalism. Digital Journalism, 10(10), 1756‑1774. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2085129
Nabiyev, Y. V. (2005). Yapay Zekâ [Artificial Intelligence]. Seçkin Yayınları. (In Turkish).
Nah, S., Luo, J., Kim, S., Chen, M., Mitson, R., & Joo, J. (2024). Algorithmic Bias or Algorithmic reconstruction? A comparative analysis between ai news and human news. International Journal of Communication (Online), 18, 700–730.
Neuendorf, K. A. (2002). The Content Analysis Guidebook (2nd ed.). Sage Pub.
Nilsson, N. (1990). The Mathematical Foundations of Learning Machines. Morgan Kaufmann.
Öngel, A. (2023). Yapay zekâ teknolojisinin haber üretim süreçlerinde kullanımı: otomatik haber üretimi [The Use of Artificial Intelligence Technology in News Production Processes: Automatic News Production]. Turkish Studies-Social Sciences, 18(2), 527-545. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.67646 (In Turkish).
Özdemir Ö. (2005). İnternet Ticarileştirilmesi ve Uluslararası Veri Akışları [Internet Commercialisation and International Data Flows]. In F. Başaran & H. Geray (Ed.), İletişim Ağlarının Ekonomisi: Telekomünikasyon, Kitle İletişimi, Yazılım ve İnternet [Economics of Communication Networks: Telecommunications, Mass Communications, Software and the Internet] (pp. 205-235). Siyasal Kitabevi. (In Turkish).
Özgen, M. (2012). İnternet ve Türkiye’de internet gazeteciliği [Internet and Internet Journalism in Turkey]. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Hakemli Dergisi, 10, 57-64. (In Turkish).
Özgit, A., Cagiltay, K., & Taner, E. (1995). Turkish Internet (TR-NET): Policies for Organizational Framework and Funding. http://isoc.bilkent.edu.tr/HMP/PAPER/102/html/paper.htm
Özkan, Ö. (2018). İnternet haber medyasında bilim haberlerinin sunumu: mars gezegeni örneği [The Presentation of Science News in Internet News Media: The Mars Sample]. Uluslararası Kültürel ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(1), 283-303. (In Turkish).
Park, C. S., & Kaye, B. K. (2017). The Tweet Goes On: Interconnection of Twitter Opinion Leadership, Network Size, and Civic Engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.021
Park, H. W. (2003). Hyperlink Network Analysis: A New Method for the Study of Social Structure On the web. Connections, 25(1), 49-61.
Pavlik, J. V. (1999). New Media and News: Implications for the Future of Journalism. New Media & Society, 1(1), 54-59.
Petruccio, P., Neilson, T., & Stöcker, C. (2025). ‘A Part of Our Work Disappeared’: AI Automated Publishing in Social Media Journalism. Journalism and Media, 6(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia6010030
Poole, D. L., & Mackworth, A. K. (2010). Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents. Cambridge University Press.
Popov, E. V. (1990). Artificial Intelligence. Radio i Svyaz. (In Russian).
Prashar, A., & Sunder M, V. (2020). A Bibliometric and Content Analysis of Sustainable Development in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Journal of Cleaner Production, 245, 118665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118665
Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2010). Artificial Intelligence: a Modern Approach. Pearson Education Limited.
Selçuk, Z. (2012). Eğitim Psikolojisi [Educational Psychology]. Nobel. (In Turkish).
Şen, R. (2025). Gazetecilik ve yapay zekâ: haber üretiminde ChatGPT ve Deepseek uygulamalarının karşılaştırmalı analizi [Journalism and Artifical Intelligence: A Comparative Analysis of News Production through ChatGPT and DeepSeek Applications]. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 34 (Uygarlığın Dönüşümü - Sosyal Bilimlerin Bakışıyla Yapay Zekâ), 493-517. https://doi.org/10.35379/cusosbil.1685596 (In Turkish).
Siapera, E., & Veglis, A. (2012). Introduction: The Evolution of Online Journalism. In E. Siapera, & A. Veglis, The Handbook of Global Online Journalism (pp. 1-17). John Wiley & Sons.
Singh, G., Mishra, A., & Sagar, D. (2013). An Overview of Artificial Intelligence. SBIT Journal of Sciences and Technology, 2(1), 1-4.
Stanescu, G. C (2023) The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Journalism. Adverse Effects vs. Benefits. Social Sciences and Education Research Review, 10(1) 258–262. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8151135
Steiner, T. (2014). Telling Breaking News Stories from Wikipedia with Social Multimedia: A Case Study of the 2014 Winter Olympics. arXiv preprint arXiv:1403.4289.
Tokgöz, O. (2006). Temel Gazetecilik [Basic Journalism]. İmge Kitabevi. (In Turkish).
Turing, A.M. (1950). Computing Machinery and Intelligence Mind. Oxford University Press, 59(236), 433-460.
Van Dalen, A. (2012). The Algorithms behind the Headlines: How Machine-Written News Redefines the Core Skills of Human Journalists. Journalism practice, 6(5-6), 648-658. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.667268
Voinea, D. V. (2025). Reconceptualizing gatekeeping in the age of Artificial intelligence: a theoretical exploration of Artificial Intelligence-Driven News Curation and Automated Journalism. Journalism and Media, 6(2), 68.
White, M. D., & Marsh, E. E. (2006). Content Analysis: A Flexible Methodology. Library Trends, 55(1), 22–45. https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2006.0053
Williams, W., Parkes, E. L., & Davies, P. (2013). Wordle: A Method for analysing MBA Student Induction Experience. The International Journal of Management Education, 11(1), 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2012.10.002
Yaşa, H. (2022). Çevre(cilik) hareketi olarak sosyal medyada sıfır atık hareketi [The Zero Waste Movement in Social Media as the Environmental(ism) Movement]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 49, 212-230. https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1156189 (In Turkish).
Yijing, X. (2024). The Application of Artificial Intelligence in News Communication: Practical Exploration and Ethical Dilemma. Media Studies, 1(2), 28-35. https://doi.org/10.70267/svbec234
Yüksel, O. (2014). İnternet Gazeteciliği ve Blog Yazarlığı [Internet Journalism and Blogging]. Sinemis Yayınları. (In Turkish).
Zengin, F. & Kapır, B. (2020). Yapay Zekâ ve Medya [Artificial İntelligence and Media]. Doruk Yayımcılık. (In Turkish).
Zhaxylykbayeva, R., Burkitbayeva, A., Zhakhyp, B., Kabylgazina, K., & Ashirbekova, G. (2025). Artificial Intelligence and Journalistic Ethics: A Comparative Analysis of AI-Generated Content and Traditional Journalism. Journalism and Media, 6(3), 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia6030105
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.